質 ニッケル合金の鋳造 & コバルト合金鋳物 工場

  一. Why does the heat treatment tray need to be resistant to high temperatures? The heat treatment tray is the core device for carrying the workpiece for heating, heat preservation, cooling and other processes. Its high temperature resistance is determined by the essential needs and functional positioning of the heat treatment process. The specific reasons are as follows: 1. High temperature environment requirements of the heat treatment process The core processes of heat treatment (such as quenching, annealing, normalizing, tempering, etc.) must be carried out in a high temperature environment, for example: The quenching temperature of steel materials is usually 800~1200℃ (such as the quenching temperature of medium carbon steel is about 840℃, and the quenching temperature of high-speed steel can reach 1220℃); The solution treatment temperature of aluminum alloy is about 500~600℃; The process temperatures of vacuum heat treatment, carburizing, etc. are also generally in the range of 500~1000℃. The tray needs to be in direct contact with the high-temperature furnace or medium. If the material is not resistant to high temperature, it will quickly oxidize, soften, deform or even melt, causing the workpiece to fall, process failure or equipment damage. 2. Stability requirements for bearing workpieces The weight of the workpiece at high temperature will exert a continuous load on the tray. If the strength of the tray material decreases significantly with the increase of temperature (such as the sudden drop in strength of ordinary steel above 400℃), structural collapse may occur, causing the workpiece to be scrapped or a safety accident. For example, in a continuous heat treatment furnace, the tray needs to move back and forth with the conveyor belt for a long time. The creep resistance at high temperature (the ability of the material to slowly deform under a constant load) is the key to ensuring stability. 3. Anti-oxidation and corrosion resistance requirements In a high temperature environment, oxygen in the air, protective gas in the furnace (such as CO, CO₂ in the carburizing atmosphere) or quenching medium (such as salt bath, oil) will react chemically with the tray material, resulting in the peeling of oxide scale and the formation of corrosion pits. The peeling oxide scale may contaminate the surface of the workpiece or block the pipes in the furnace, and corrosion will weaken the strength of the tray. High temperature resistant materials (such as stainless steel and nickel-based alloys) usually have better antioxidant film stability and corrosion resistance. 4. Economic demand for reuse Heat treatment is a batch process, and the tray needs to be repeatedly put in and out of the high-temperature furnace (may be cycled dozens of times a day). If the material is not resistant to high temperatures, frequent replacement of trays will increase production costs (such as downtime and consumables costs). For example, a tray made of ordinary carbon steel may be scrapped after hundreds of high-temperature cycles, while a high-temperature resistant alloy tray can be used tens of thousands of times, with a lower overall cost. 二. What is the maximum temperature that a heat treatment tray can withstand? The maximum temperature that the tray can withstand depends on the material type and specific composition. The temperature range of common materials is as follows: Extreme cases in special scenarios Aerospace-grade high-temperature alloy trays: using single-crystal nickel-based alloys (such as Rene N5 developed by NASA), which can be used for short-term service at temperatures above 1400°C and are used for ultra-high temperature heat treatment of aircraft engine components, but the cost is extremely high. Composite material trays: such as metal skeleton + ceramic coating (such as ZrO₂ coating), can withstand temperatures above 1500°C through gradient design and are used in extreme working conditions (such as nuclear material processing). 三. Other factors affecting the high-temperature resistance of trays Heating rate and insulation time: Rapid heating (such as heating more than 50°C per minute) will increase the thermal stress of the material and may cause cracking; long-term insulation (such as continuous use for more than 10 hours) will accelerate material creep. Atmosphere: Reducing atmosphere (such as H₂), carburizing atmosphere (such as CO) or sulfur-containing atmosphere will reduce the actual temperature resistance of the tray. For example, Inconel 601 can withstand 1250℃ in pure oxygen, but may drop to below 1100℃ in a sulfur-containing atmosphere. Surface state: If there is oil and scale accumulation on the surface of the tray, local hot spots will form, accelerating the degradation of the material. Regular surface cleaning can extend the service life. 4. How to choose a high-temperature resistant tray? Match the material according to the process temperature: If the process temperature is ≤1000℃, 310S stainless steel can be selected; If the temperature is 1000~1300℃, nickel-based alloys (such as Inconel 601) or iron-chromium-aluminum alloys are preferred; Ultra-high temperature scenarios (>1300℃) require ceramics, graphite or composite materials. Consider the number of cycles and loads: High-load and high-cycle frequency scenarios (such as continuous production lines) require materials with high creep strength (such as Inconel 718). Focus on cost performance and maintenance cost: Ceramic trays have high initial costs, but have long life and do not require frequent maintenance; metal trays have lower costs, but require regular inspections for oxidation and deformation. From the above analysis, it can be seen that high temperature resistance is the core performance of heat treatment trays, and its limit temperature is determined by the scientific design of the material. In practical applications, it is necessary to comprehensively select the process conditions, economy and reliability.    

The strength and hardness of aluminum alloys vary significantly depending on the alloy grade (such as 6061, 7075, 2024, etc.) and heat treatment state (such as T4, T6, T651, etc.). The following is an explanation from the specific grade, performance data, pressure bearing capacity and application scenarios: I. Comparison of strength and hardness of common aluminum alloy grades 1. 6 series aluminum alloy (taking 6061-T6 as an example) Strength: Tensile strength: ≥290 MPa (equivalent to about 29 kg force per square millimeter). Yield strength: ≥240 MPa (critical stress at which the material begins to produce permanent deformation). Hardness: Brinell hardness (HB): ≥95 (equivalent to the indentation hardness measured with a 10mm steel ball and a load of 3000kg). Features: Balanced comprehensive performance, corrosion resistance, easy processing, commonly used in bicycle frames, skis, and mechanical parts. 2. 7 series aluminum alloy (taking 7075-T6 as an example) Strength: Tensile strength: ≥572 MPa (close to the strength level of ordinary steel). Yield strength: ≥503 MPa. Hardness: Brinell hardness (HB): ≥150 (hardness close to medium carbon steel). Features: high strength and high hardness, commonly known as "aircraft-grade aluminum alloy", used for aircraft structural parts, high-end molds, and racing car parts. 3. 2 series aluminum alloy (taking 2024-T3 as an example) Strength: Tensile strength: ≥470 MPa. Yield strength: ≥325 MPa. Hardness: Brinell hardness (HB): ≥120. Features: Strength is second only to 7 series, with good toughness, used for aviation skins and high-strength bolts. 4. 5 series aluminum alloy (taking 5052-H32 as an example) Strength: Tensile strength: ≥215 MPa. Yield strength: ≥145 MPa. Hardness: Brinell hardness (HB): ≥60. Features: Excellent corrosion resistance, medium strength, used for ship decks, pressure vessels, and automobile fuel tanks. II. Pressure bearing capacity: How to quantify? The "pressure bearing capacity" of aluminum alloys needs to be comprehensively evaluated in combination with material strength, structural design, and stress form (such as compression, tension, and shear): 1. Compressive strength (uniform compression scenario) Formula reference: Compressive strength ≈ yield strength × safety factor (the safety factor in engineering is usually 1.5-3.0). Case: The yield strength of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy is 503 MPa. If the safety factor is 2.0, the allowable compressive strength is 251.5 MPa (equivalent to about 2515 tons of pressure per square meter). In practical applications, such as aircraft landing gear, structural optimization (such as hollow tubular design) is required to improve compressive stability. 2. Tensile strength (tensile scenario) Directly corresponding indicators: tensile strength is the maximum stress before the material is broken. The tensile strength of 6061-T6 is 290 MPa, which can be understood as an aluminum rod with a diameter of 10mm can withstand a tensile force of about 22.7 kilonewtons (about 2.3 tons). 3. Shear strength (shear force scenario) Empirical formula: shear strength ≈ tensile strength × 0.6-0.8 (slightly different for different alloys). The tensile strength of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy is 470 MPa, and the shear strength is about 282-376 MPa. III. Key factors affecting strength and hardness 1. Alloying elements and heat treatment Solid solution + aging treatment: For example, after 6061 aluminum alloy is treated with T6 (solid solution + artificial aging), the strength is increased by about 50% compared with the untreated state (O state). Typical element effects: Zinc (7 series): forms strengthening phase AlZnMgCu, significantly improving strength. Copper (2 series): forms Al₂Cu phase, enhancing hardness and heat resistance. 2. Processing technology Extrusion molding: For example, the 6063 aluminum alloy profile refines the grains through extrusion, and the strength is increased by 20%-30% compared with the casting state. Cold work hardening: For example, after cold deformation (H32 state) of 5052 aluminum alloy, the yield strength is increased by about 50% compared with the annealing state (O state). 3. Environmental factors Temperature: The strength of aluminum alloy decreases significantly at high temperature (for example, the tensile strength of 6061-T6 at 200℃ drops to 60% of room temperature). Corrosion: After the surface oxide film is damaged, the strength may be reduced due to corrosion pits (need to be protected by processes such as anodizing). IV. Strength design cases in application scenarios 1. Automobile wheel hub (6061-T6 aluminum alloy) Design requirements: It needs to withstand vehicle weight, road impact and centrifugal force, tensile strength needs to be ≥260 MPa, and fatigue life needs to be ≥1 million cycles. Structural optimization: Spoke-type lightweight design is adopted, and finite element analysis (FEA) is used to ensure uniform stress distribution. 2. Aircraft engine bracket (7075-T651 aluminum alloy) Extreme working conditions: Withstand high temperature (≤120℃) and vibration load, yield strength needs to be ≥480 MPa, and fracture toughness test (such as KIC value ≥24 MPa・√m) needs to be passed. 3. Building curtain wall profile (6063-T5 aluminum alloy) Load calculation: It needs to withstand wind pressure (such as 5000 Pa) and dead weight, and the allowable stress is 1/1.8 of the yield strength (160 MPa) = 89 MPa to ensure safety redundancy. V. How to choose a suitable aluminum alloy? Sort by strength requirements: Low strength (400 MPa): 2 series (2024), 7 series (7075) → aerospace, high-load machinery. Combined with processability: For scenarios that require welding, choose 5 series (aluminum-magnesium alloy) or 6 series (good weldability), and avoid 2 series and 7 series (containing copper and zinc, easy to crack during welding). Summary The strength and hardness of aluminum alloys can be adjusted in a wide range through alloy design and process control, from "soft as a can" (pure aluminum) to "strong as steel" (7075-T6). The actual pressure bearing capacity needs to be comprehensively evaluated in combination with the brand, status and structural design. It is recommended to ensure safety through mechanical tests (such as tensile tests, compression tests) or reference to industry standards (such as ASTM, GB/T) in engineering.

What is aluminum alloy? Aluminum alloy is an alloy material formed by adding one or more other elements (such as copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, manganese, etc.) to aluminum. Through alloying processes (such as smelting, casting, pressure processing, etc.), aluminum alloy not only retains the lightweight characteristics of pure aluminum, but also significantly improves its strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance and other properties, and even gives it special functions that pure aluminum does not have (such as high temperature stability, weldability, etc.). Core features: Lightweight: The density is about 2.6-2.8 g/cm³, which is only about 1/3 of steel. Strong designability: By adjusting the type and proportion of alloy elements (such as 6061 aluminum alloy contains magnesium and silicon, 7075 aluminum alloy contains zinc and copper), it can be customized to meet the needs of different scenarios. Wide application: From daily doors and windows, electronic product shells to aerospace vehicles and automotive parts. Core principles of essential differences Solid solution strengthening: After alloying elements are integrated into the aluminum matrix, they hinder dislocation movement through "lattice distortion", thereby improving strength (such as the role of silicon in 6063 aluminum alloy). Second phase strengthening: Alloying elements and aluminum form high-hardness second-phase particles (such as Al₂Cu, Mg₂Si), and further enhance material properties through the "dispersion strengthening" mechanism (such as aging treatment of 2024 aluminum alloy). Grain refinement: Some aluminum alloys refine grains by controlling the casting process, and use the principle of "grain boundaries hindering dislocation slip" to improve strength (such as the modification of cast aluminum alloys). Summary   Pure aluminum is a "basic material" with advantages in light weight, conductivity and corrosion resistance, suitable for scenes with low strength requirements. Aluminum alloy is an "upgraded material" that breaks through the performance bottleneck of pure aluminum through alloying and becomes a "universal metal" in the industrial field. The essential difference between the two lies in "whether alloying elements are introduced and the resulting differences in organizational structure and performance".  

選択 の 鍵ステンレス鋼の粉末医療インプラントの利用は,生物互換性,機械的特性,加工適応性の全体的な利点にあります.具体的理由は以下の通りです. 1優れた生物互換性で人間の安全を保証する不毒性および耐腐食性:医療用品ステンレス鋼 (316LVMなど),F138および他のグレード) は,ニッケルおよびクロムなどの元素の降水リスクを減らすために厳格に浄化され,表面に安定した酸化膜 (Cr2O3) が形成される可能性があります.人体液体の腐食 (血液や組織液など) に耐える長時間アレルギーや毒性反応を引き起こす金属イオンの放出を避ける.組織互換性人体組織と接触すると,ステンレス鋼の表面は,重度の炎症反応を引き起こすことは容易ではありません.細胞粘着をさらに改善し,骨組織の成長を促進する (例えば整形インプラント). 2負荷要求を満たすバランスのとれた機械特性強度と強度バランス:粉末金属工法による不?? 鋼粉末製のインプラント (例えば金属注射型MIM,3Dプリンタ) は,孔隙と粒の大きさを制御することで,強度 (張力強度 ≥500MPa) と強度 (長さ ≥10%) の最適なマッチを達成できます.例えば:整骨器具 (人工関節など): 人体 の 運動 荷重 に 耐え られる よう に し なけれ ば なり ませ ん.そして高耐磨性と耐疲労性 (耐疲労性 ≥ 200MPa) は使用寿命を延長することができます.歯科インプラント: 細粒度ステンレス鋼粉末 (微米以下級など) は,鋳造後に表面の仕上げが高く,バクテリアの粘着を軽減し,噛む力伝達要件を満たす.処理可能性:ステンレス鋼の粉末は,精密型成形プロセス (レーザー選択溶融SLMなど) により複雑な構造 (孔状のトラベキュラーバイオニック構造など) を製造するために使用できます.パーソナライズされた解剖学的形態に適応する伝統的な切断で材料の廃棄を避ける. 3成熟したプロセスと制御可能なコスト大規模生産の利点ステンレス鋼の粉末の製造プロセス (例えば,エアロソリゼーション方法) は成熟し,生産能力は安定し,コストはチタン合金またはコバルトクロム合金の1/3-1/2に過ぎません.大規模な普及に適しているもの (トラウマ整形プレートやイントラメドゥラリーネイルなどの従来のインプラントなど).滅菌対応性:ステンレス鋼は,高温および高圧不妊 (例えば134°C,2bar蒸気),γ線不妊および医療不妊要件を満たす他の方法に耐えることができます.高温で変形する材料は ポリマーです.   4 典型的な応用シナリオ骨科:骨折固定プレート,内膜爪,人工関節ハンドル (316LVMステンレス鋼など,耐磨性を向上させるためにバナジウムとモリブデンを含む).歯科:インプラント支柱,取り外せる歯入れ支架 (MIMプロセスにより精密なオクラス表面模造が達成される).心血管:血管ステント (初期のステンレスステントは徐々にニッケルチタン合金に置き換えられましたが,依然として経済的な医療シナリオで使用されています).概要: "医療 植入 器 に 用い られる 高 費用 効率 の 金 素材" ステンレス鋼の粉末低端および中端医療インプラント市場における主要な材料になりました 生物安全性,機械的信頼性,プロセス成熟性の4次元バランスによりそしてコスト制御性高級なシーンには 徐々にチタン合金などの材料が 浸透していますが基礎医療の普及と複雑な構造の形成 (孔隙のある統合設計など) の利点が不可避です開発途上国の医療アクセシビリティのニーズに特に適しています.ナノサイズ化や表面機能化 (抗菌性コーティングなど) などの技術的なアップグレードを通じて精密医療の分野での応用範囲をさらに拡大します.  

粒子の大きさ (すなわち粒子の大きさ)10μm) は流動性が良好で,ドライプレスに適していますが,濃縮を促進するために,濃縮中により高い温度またはより長い時間が必要です.ウォルフスタンカービードの細粒子は,シンタリング中に高い表面エネルギーと高速な原子拡散率を持っています低温で密度化できるため (例えばナノウランガムカルビッドのシンテリング温度は マイクロン小粒子の温度より 100~200°C低い)穀物の成長リスクを減らす粗い粒のウルフスタンカービッドは,より高いシンテリング温度 (通常1400~1600°C) を必要とするが,粒が粗くなることは容易である.抑制剤 (VCなど) を加えることで穀物の成長を制御することが必要です分散と均一性 微粒子は簡単に集結する and they need to be forced to depolymerize through processes such as high-energy ball milling and ultrasonic dispersion to ensure uniform distribution in the matrix (such as cobalt and nickel) to avoid "cobalt pools" or uneven performance of cemented carbide粗い粒子は比較的簡単に散布する.しかし,大きな粒子が蓄積して孔隙を増加させないようにするために,粒子の大きさ分布範囲 (D50=5μmと狭い分布など) に注意を払う必要があります.3. 粒子の大きさ制御のための重要な技術 準備方法 蒸気沉積法 (CVD): ナノスケールで成るタングスタンカーバイド粉末は,粒子のサイズが均一だが費用が高く,準備できる.高級用途に適している機械製の合金方法:高エネルギー玉磨きによってウルグスタン-炭素複合粉末を粉砕することで,粒子の大きさを微小レベルまで減らすことができます.しかし不純物が導入されないようにする必要があります噴霧乾燥 - 炭化方法:噴霧滴の大きさと炭化温度を制御する一般的な産業用方法で,微小レベルの粒子サイズ制御を達成する (D50 = 2-5μmなど)検出と特徴付け レーザー粒子サイズ分析器 (測定範囲0.01-2000μm) は,素粒子サイズ分布 (D10,D50,D90) を迅速に得るために使用されます.トランスミッション電子顕微鏡 (TEM) とスキャニング電子顕微鏡 (SEM) は,粒子形状 (球状) を観察するために使用されます.,多面体,集積状態) と粒の境界構造.性能,処理技術,およびアプリケーションシナリオに影響を与える重要な要因の一つです.異なる粒子の大きさのワルフタンカービッド粉末は,物理的性質の重要な違いを示しています微粒子の大きさの多次元からの影響について以下に分析しています. I. 物理的特性への影響 硬さと耐磨性法則: 一般的に粒子の大きさが小さいほど (ナノスケール/サブマイクロン) 硬さや耐磨性が高くなります.原則: 微粒のウランカービッドは粒の大きさが小さく,粒の境界密度が高く,逸脱運動や裂け込みの拡大を効果的に阻害する (細粒子を強化する効果)例えば,ナノ・タングメンカルビッドのビッカース硬さは2000HV以上に達し,通常のマイクログレードのタングメンカルビッド (約1800HV) よりも高い.極端な着用環境 (航空宇宙用シールなど) に適しています.例外:粒子の大きさが細すぎた場合 ( 10μm) は流動性が良好で,乾圧に適していますが,濃縮を促進するために,濃縮中により高い温度またはより長い時間が必要です.シンテリング段階:ウォルフレムカービードの細粒子は,シンタリング中に表面エネルギーが高く,原子拡散速度は速い.低温で密度化が可能になるため (例えば,ナノウランガムカービッドの濃縮温度は マイクロン小粒子の温度より 100~200°C低い)穀物の成長のリスクを軽減します粗い粒のウランカービッドは,より高いシンテリング温度 (通常は1400~1600°C) を必要とするが,粒が粗くなることは容易である.抑制剤 (VCなど) を加えることで穀物の成長を制御することが必要ですCr3C2) について分散と均一性微細な粒子は簡単に集まってしまいます and they need to be forced to depolymerize through processes such as high-energy ball milling and ultrasonic dispersion to ensure uniform distribution in the matrix (such as cobalt and nickel) to avoid "cobalt pools" or uneven performance of cemented carbide.粗い粒子は比較的簡単に散布できますしかし,大きな粒子が蓄積して孔隙を増加させないようにするために,粒子の大きさ分布範囲 (D50=5μmと狭い分布など) に注意を払う必要があります..   3粒子のサイズ制御のための主要な技術調製方法蒸気堆積方法 (CVD):ナノスケール t10μm) は流動性が良好で,ドライプレスに適していますが,濃縮を促進するために,濃縮中により高い温度またはより長い時間が必要です.ウォルフスタンカービードの細粒子は,シンタリング中に高い表面エネルギーと高速な原子拡散率を持っています低温で密度化できるため (例えばナノウランガムカルビッドのシンテリング温度は マイクロン小粒子の温度より 100~200°C低い)穀物の成長リスクを減らす粗い粒のウルフスタンカービッドは,より高いシンテリング温度 (通常1400~1600°C) を必要とするが,粒が粗くなることは容易である.抑制剤 (VCなど) を加えることで穀物の成長を制御することが必要です分散と均一性 微粒子は簡単に集結する and they need to be forced to depolymerize through processes such as high-energy ball milling and ultrasonic dispersion to ensure uniform distribution in the matrix (such as cobalt and nickel) to avoid "cobalt pools" or uneven performance of cemented carbide粗い粒子は比較的簡単に散布する.しかし,大きな粒子が蓄積して孔隙を増加させないようにするために,粒子の大きさ分布範囲 (D50=5μmと狭い分布など) に注意を払う必要があります.3. 粒子の大きさ制御のための重要な技術 準備方法 蒸気沉積法 (CVD): ナノスケールで成るタングスタンカーバイド粉末は,粒子のサイズが均一だが費用が高く,準備できる.高級用途に適している機械製の合金方法:高エネルギー玉磨きによってウルグスタン-炭素複合粉末を粉砕することで,粒子の大きさを微小レベルまで減らすことができます.しかし不純物が導入されないようにする必要があります噴霧乾燥 - 炭化方法:噴霧滴の大きさと炭化温度を制御する一般的な産業用方法で,微小レベルの粒子サイズ制御を達成する (D50 = 2-5μmなど)検出と特徴付け レーザー粒子サイズ分析器 (測定範囲0.01-2000μm) は,素粒子サイズ分布 (D10,D50,D90) を迅速に得るために使用されます.トランスミッション電子顕微鏡 (TEM) とスキャニング電子顕微鏡 (SEM) は,粒子形状 (球状) を観察するために使用されます.炭酸ウンステン粉末単一の粒子の大きさで作れるが 高価で高級用途に適しています機械製合金方法:高エネルギーボールフレッシングにより,ワルフタン-炭素複合粉末を粉砕することで,粒子の大きさを微小レベルまで減らすことができる.しかし不純物が導入されないようにする必要があります.噴霧乾燥 - 炭化方法: 噴霧滴の大きさと炭化温度を制御する一般的な産業用方法で,微小レベルの粒子の大きさ制御 (D50 = 2-5μmなど) を達成する.検出と特徴付けレーザー粒子サイズ分析器 (測定範囲0.01-2000μm) は,素粒子サイズ分布 (D10,D50,D90) を迅速に得るために使用される.トランスミッション電子顕微鏡 (TEM) とスキャニング電子顕微鏡 (SEM) は,粒子形状 (球状,多面体,集結状態) と粒の境界構造を観察するために使用されます.     cast@ebcastings.com について   ワットスアップ:0086 18800596372